1,185 research outputs found
A convergence study of monolithic simulations of flow and deformation in fractured poroelastic media
A consistent linearisation has been carried out for a monolithic solution procedure of a poroelastic medium with fluidâtransporting fractures, including a comprehensive assessment of the convergence behaviour. The fracture has been modelled using a subâgrid scale model with a continuous pressure across the fracture. The contributions to the tangential stiffness matrix of the fracture have been investigated to assess their impact on convergence. Simulations have been carried out for different interpolation orders and for NonâUniform Rational BâSplines as interpolants vs Lagrangian polynomials. To increase the generality of the results, Newtonian as well as nonâNewtonian (powerâlaw) fluids have been considered. Unsurprisingly, a consistent linearisation invariably yields a quadratic convergence, but comes at the expense of a loss of symmetry and recalculation of the contribution of the interface to the stiffness matrix at each iteration. When using a linear line search however, the inclusion of only those terms of the interface stiffness which result in a symmetric and constant tangential stiffness matrix is sufficient to obtain a stable and convergent iterative process
An electro-chemo-mechanical framework for predicting hydrogen uptake in metals due to aqueous electrolytes
We present a theoretical and numerical scheme that enables quantifying
hydrogen ingress in metals for arbitrary environments and defect geometries.
This is achieved by explicitly resolving the electrochemical behaviour of the
electrolyte, the hydrogen and corrosion reactions, the kinetics of surface
adsorption, and hydrogen uptake, diffusion and trapping in
mechanically-deforming solids. This new framework is used to produce maps that
relate the absorbed hydrogen with the applied potential, specimen geometry and
fluid velocity. We also present simplified versions of our generalised model,
and benchmark predictions of these and other existing models against the
generalised electro-chemo-mechanical results, establishing regimes of validity
An electro-chemo-mechanical framework for predicting hydrogen uptake in metals due to aqueous electrolytes
We present a theoretical and numerical scheme that enables quantifying hydrogen ingress in metals for arbitrary environments and defect geometries. This is achieved by explicitly resolving the electrochemical behaviour of the electrolyte, the hydrogen and corrosion reactions, the kinetics of surface adsorption, and hydrogen uptake, diffusion and trapping in mechanically-deforming solids. This new framework is used to produce maps that relate the absorbed hydrogen with the applied potential, specimen geometry and fluid velocity. We also present simplified versions of our generalised model, and benchmark predictions of these and other existing models against the generalised electro-chemo-mechanical results, establishing regimes of validity
Convergence in nonâassociated plasticity and fracture propagation for standard, rateâdependent, and Cosserat continua
The use of pressureâdependent plasticity models with a nonâassociated flow rule causes a loss of the wellâposedness for sufficiently low hardening rates. Apart from a mesh dependence, this can result in poor convergence, or even divergence of the iterative procedure employed to find an equilibrium configuration. This can be aggravated when other nonlinear, dissipative mechanisms are introduced, for instance the propagation of cracks. This is demonstrated rigorously, as well as the regularizing effect of adding viscosity or employing a Cosserat continuum. In both cases the regularization is independent of the value of the internal length scale for a fairly wide range of parameters. The spatial discretization has been done using Tâsplines, and the fracture is modeled using interface elements and propagated using mesh line insertions. The time integration has been done by an implicit Newmark scheme. The use of proper regularization techniques makes an implicit scheme feasible, resulting in a reduction in the number of time steps by an order of magnitude
Magnetic Response of Magnetospirillum Gryphiswaldense
In this study we modelled and measured the U-turn trajectories of individual
magnetotactic bacteria under the application of rotating magnetic fields,
ranging in ampitude from 1 to 12 mT. The model is based on the balance between
rotational drag and magnetic torque. For accurate verification of this model,
bacteria were observed inside 5 m tall microfluidic channels, so that they
remained in focus during the entire trajectory. From the analysis of hundreds
of trajectories and accurate measurements of bacteria and magnetosome chain
dimensions, we confirmed that the model is correct within measurement error.
The resulting average rate of rotation of Magnetospirillum Gryphiswaldense is
0.74 +- 0.03 rad/mTs.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figure
Stickâslip like behavior in shear fracture propagation including the effect of fluid flow
Shearâbased fracture propagation in fluidâsaturated porous materials is investigated using a displacementâpressure formulation that includes acceleration and inertial effects of the fluid. Pressureâdependent plasticity with a nonassociated flow rule is adopted to realistically represent the stresses in the porous bulk material. The domain is discretized using unequal order Tâsplines and cast into a finite element method using BĂ©zier extraction. An implicit scheme is used for the temporal integration. The solid accelerationâdriven fluid flow reacts to stress waves, but it results in pressure oscillations. Adding fluid acceleration terms dampens these oscillations and increases the fluid pressure near the fracture tips. By simulating a typical shear fracture case, it is shown that stickâslip like, or stepwise, fracture propagation occurs for a high permeability, also upon mesh refinement. The acceleration driven fluid flow results in a buildâup of pressure near the fracture tip. Once this pressure region encompasses the fracture tip, propagation arrests until the pressure has diffused away from the crack tip, after which propagation is resumed and the buildâup of pressure begins anew. This results in a stickâslip like behavior, with large arrests in the fracture propagation. Stepwise propagation related to the initial conditions has also been observed, but disappears once the fracture length exceeds the size of the region influenced by the initial conditions
Test/score/report: Simulation techniques for automating the test process
A Test/Score/Report capability is currently being developed for the Transportable Payload Operations Control Center (TPOCC) Advanced Spacecraft Simulator (TASS) system which will automate testing of the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) and Mission Operations Center (MOC) software in three areas: telemetry decommutation, spacecraft command processing, and spacecraft memory load and dump processing. Automated computer control of the acceptance test process is one of the primary goals of a test team. With the proper simulation tools and user interface, the task of acceptance testing, regression testing, and repeatability of specific test procedures of a ground data system can be a simpler task. Ideally, the goal for complete automation would be to plug the operational deliverable into the simulator, press the start button, execute the test procedure, accumulate and analyze the data, score the results, and report the results to the test team along with a go/no recommendation to the test team. In practice, this may not be possible because of inadequate test tools, pressures of schedules, limited resources, etc. Most tests are accomplished using a certain degree of automation and test procedures that are labor intensive. This paper discusses some simulation techniques that can improve the automation of the test process. The TASS system tests the POCC/MOC software and provides a score based on the test results. The TASS system displays statistics on the success of the POCC/MOC system processing in each of the three areas as well as event messages pertaining to the Test/Score/Report processing. The TASS system also provides formatted reports documenting each step performed during the tests and the results of each step. A prototype of the Test/Score/Report capability is available and currently being used to test some POCC/MOC software deliveries. When this capability is fully operational it should greatly reduce the time necessary to test a POCC/MOC software delivery, as well as improve the quality of the test process
Protective chromosome 1q32 haplotypes mitigate risk for age-related macular degeneration associated with the CFH-CFHR5 and ARMS2/HTRA1 loci
Background: Single-variant associations with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the most prevalent causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide, have been studied extensively. However, because of a lack of refinement of these associations, there remains considerable ambiguity regarding what constitutes genetic risk and/or protection for this disease, and how genetic combinations affect this risk. In this study, we consider the two most common and strongly AMD-associated loci, the CFH-CFHR5 region on chromosome 1q32 (Chr1 locus)Â and ARMS2/HTRA1 gene on chromosome 10q26 (Chr10 locus). Results: By refining associations within the CFH-CFHR5 locus, we show that all genetic protection against the development of AMD in this region is described by the combination of the amino acid-altering variant CFH I62V (rs800292) and genetic deletion of CFHR3/1. Haplotypes based on CFH I62V, a CFHR3/1 deletion tagging SNP and the risk variant CFH Y402H are associated with either risk, protection or neutrality for AMD and capture more than 99% of control- and case-associated chromosomes. We find that genetic combinations of CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes (diplotypes) strongly influence AMD susceptibility and that individuals with risk/protective diplotypes are substantially protected against the development of disease. Finally, we demonstrate that AMD risk in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus is also mitigated by combinations of CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes, with Chr10Â risk variants essentially neutralized by protective CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of considering protective CFH-CFHR5 haplotypes when assessing genetic susceptibility for AMD. It establishes a framework that describes the full spectrum of AMD susceptibility using an optimal set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with known functional consequences. It also indicates that protective or preventive complement-directed therapies targeting AMD driven by CFH-CFHR5 risk haplotypes may also be effective when AMD is driven by ARMS2/HTRA1 risk variants
Unequal order T-spline meshes for fracture in poroelastic media
Spline-based meshes allow for a higher inter-element continuity. For coupled problems, e.g. poroelasticity, different meshes with different orders of interpolation are normally used for the various fields in order to avoid spurious oscillations. When including discontinuities in these meshes, there exist several options for the discretisation. Herein we will discuss two options which use T-splines, one aiming at a minimum number of degrees of freedom around the crack tip, the other trying to maximise this number. Both meshes retain a higher-order continuity along the fracture, but the mesh which maximises the number of degrees of freedom mesh introduces two additional degrees of freedom around the crack tip to allow for a sharper crack. The two discretisations are used to simulate a pressurised fracture inside a poroelastic material and the results are compared to results obtained using a Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) mesh. A comparison between the two discretisations shows the effect of including additional degrees of freedom close to the crack tip. However, both meshes yield similar results further away from the crack tip. It is shown that both T-spline meshes capture a fully closed discontinuity at the fracture tip, whereas the NURBS mesh retains a small opening due to the discontinuity which exists for the cracked as well as the intact elements. A fully closed fracture aperture results in T-splines with a lower discontinuity pressure compared to NURBS, making T-splines more suitable for simulations in which the fracture propagation is limited by the fluid transport within the fracture
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